Molecular and Analytical Understanding of Resveratrol Interactions for Advanced Biotechnological Applications

Interactions between resveratrol and biological or carrier systems play a key role in determining its bioavailability, stability, and delivery performance. These interactions involve proteins, lipids, cyclodextrins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and other formulation matrices, and are governed by noncovalent forces such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, and desolvation effects. This review examines how complementary spectroscopic, calorimetric, structural, and computational techniques are used to characterize resveratrol interactions. Fluorescence, UV–visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, FTIR, NMR, ITC, DSC, X-ray diffraction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations are discussed according to their contribution to binding analysis, conformational assessment, thermodynamic interpretation, structural organization, and complex stability. By integrating these approaches, this review provides a technique-oriented framework for understanding resveratrol binding and guiding the development of more stable resveratrol-based carrier systems and bioactive formulations.