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This research aims to estimate channel responses from acoustic propagation experiments over a rough sea surface.

Analysis of mid-frequency acoustic signals interacting with a rough sea surface at very low grazing angles

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Randomized trial analyzes mid-frequency acoustic signals in shallow water, indicating improved modeling accuracy.

This research aims to estimate channel responses from acoustic propagation experiments over a rough sea surface.
Conducted a shallow water acoustic propagation experiment in the Arabian Sea with low grazing angles.
Measured sea surface-reflected arrivals along two propagation tracks of approximately 900 m range.
Applied second-order and higher-order small slope approximation (SSA) theory for modeling acoustic signals.
Inclusion of third- and fourth-order SSA terms significantly improved accuracy of models across various scattering angles.
Observed a high correlation coefficient between measured and modeled surface-reflected signal, indicating strong agreement.
Modeling accounts for multiple scattering effects, enhancing predictions at very low grazing angles.

Sreeram Radhakrishnan (2026) studied this question.

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