What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to improve understanding of rock deformation and failure characteristics under inclined loading angles.

Development of the Nonlocal Deformation Constitutive Model and Its Application in Exploring the Inclination Effect on Localized Shear Deformation of Rock in FLAC3D

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Randomized trial examines the effect of loading inclination on rock deformation, highlighting implications for engineering stability.

This research aims to improve understanding of rock deformation and failure characteristics under inclined loading angles.
Developed an innovative nonlocal constitutive model based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with softening modulus.
Implemented a 'double-cycle' computational framework using FLAC3D for real-time nonlocal variable updates.
Conducted combined experimentation and numerical simulation to explore the impact of loading inclination.
The 'double-cycle' model effectively processes nonlocal variable assignments and updates.
The model captures rock nonlocal deformation accurately, allowing predictions of peak stress.
Increased dip angle correlates with decreased rock peak strength and increased fracture angle.

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

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