Ocular Ultrasound in Clinical Practice: Diagnostic Applications, Pitfalls, and Future Directions

Ocular ultrasound (OUS) has become an essential diagnostic modality, enabling noninvasive imaging of intraocular and orbital structures. OUS is particularly valuable in emergency medicine, ophthalmology, and critical care, facilitating rapid diagnosis of acute vision loss and other systemic diseases. This review covers the ultrasound technique, detailed ocular anatomy, pathologies with ultrasound findings, clinical applications, limitations, and future perspectives. Emphasis is placed on both common and rare ocular conditions to offer a comprehensive guide for health care providers, especially in the emergency and critical care setting.