Nanomaterial-enhanced regenerative therapies in endodontics: Current evidence, clinical applications, and future directions

Nanomaterials are revolutionizing regenerative endodontics by providing advanced bioactive platforms that enhance cellular behavior, support tissue repair, and promote predictable pulp–dentin regeneration. Their unique nanoscale features enhance stem cell adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis, and antimicrobial activity, resulting in more favorable outcomes than those of conventional materials. This review summarizes the current evidence on nanoparticles, nanofibrous scaffolds, and nanocomposites, highlighting their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and potential to optimize regenerative protocols. It also addresses safety considerations, translational challenges, and emerging innovations, including smart nanocarriers and patient-specific scaffolds. Nanotechnology continues to advance the field toward consistent, biologically functional regeneration.