panel and providing insightful suggestions for revisions. Thanks, also, to Rhona Rapoport and to three anonymous reviewers. 2 In the mid-1950s, the paradigm of separate spheres gained ascendence when Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales (1955) argued that the breadwinner-homemaker family provided a way for women to specialize in the “expressive function ” of domestic caretaking while men specialized in the “instrumental function ” of supporting the household through paid work.
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Kathleen Gerson (2004) studied this question.
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