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Norms may emerge in a variety of ways: institutions may prescribe behaviours (institutional norm formation), they may be created by a social contract (voluntary norm formation) or they may gradually emerge without either bargaining or the involvement of a norm‐making institution (evolutionary norm formation). The central concern of this paper is to formulate hypotheses specifying conditions for the evolutionary emergence of norms. A process is described, starting with recurrent behaviour, leading to the development of preferences for a behaviour, and ultimately to the acceptance of norms (internalization) and the enforcement of activities. The present analysis employs the behavioural model of economics and research findings from social psychology and sociology.
Karl‐Dieter Opp (Tue,) studied this question.