Mathematics self-efficacy and mathematics performances: The need for specificity of assessment.

In this study, 391 students were asked to provide 3 types of mathematics self-efficacy judgments: confidence to solve mathematics problems, confidence to succeed in math-related courses, and confidence to perform math-related tasks. Criterial tasks were solution of math problems and choice of math-related majors. As hypothesized, students'reported confidence to solve the problems they were later asked to solve was a more powerful predictor of that performance than was either their confidence to perform math-related tasks or to succeed in math-related courses. Similarly, confidence to succeed in math-related courses was a stronger predictor of choice of math-related majors than was either confidence to solve problems or to perform math-related tasks. Results support A. Bandura's (1986) contention that, because judgments of self-efficacy are task specific, measures of self-efficacy should be tailored to the criterial task being assessed and the domain of functioning being analyzed to increase prediction