• Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of metals from land ores versus deep-sea nodules. • Using nodules can reduce CO2 emissions by 80% (Ni), 76% (Cu), 29% (Co), and 22% (Mn). • Nodules put 94% less sequestered carbon at risk and disrupt sequestration by 88% less. • Making 1 billion EV batteries from nodules could reduce atmospheric CO2 by 11.5 Gt.
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Paulikas et al. (2020) studied this question.
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