Brian J. Zinnbauer, Kenneth I. Pargament, Brenda Cole, Mark S. Rye, Eric M. Butter, Timothy G. Belavich, Kathleen M. Hipp, Allie B. Scott, Jill L. Kadar, Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 549-564
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Zinnbauer et al. (1997) studied this question.