Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and the Renal Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure Homeostasis

The sections in this article are: Historical Background Renin Aldosterone A Coordinated Renal‐Adrenal Hormonal System: Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone Comparative Aspects Brief Overview of the Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone System Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Renin System Prorenin Renin Renin Substrate Angiotensins I and II Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Aldosterone Methods of Measurement Physiology Prorenin Renin Renin Substrate Angiotensin II Aldosterone Cybernetics of the System Coordinated Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure Use of the Renin System to Understand Blood Pressure Control and Disorders of Pressure‐Volume Homeostasis Two Forms of Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction‐Volume Analysis Three Basic Tenets Concerning Plasma Renin Measurements The Sodium—Calcium Connection Dynamic Reciprocity of Two Forms of Vasoconstriction The Sympathetic Nervous System and Modulation of the Two Forms of Arteriolar Vasoconstriction Human Disorders of the Renin System Hypertensive Disorders Renin System Abnormalities in Edematous States Hypokalemic Normotensive States Summary