Interplay of Psychological Distress, Obesity, and Insomnia among Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a critical global health challenge, closely interlinked with obesity, insomnia, and psychological distress. In Bangladesh, rising urbanization and lifestyle changes exacerbate these conditions, yet limited research has explored their combined impact, particularly among hypertensive patients. This study investigates the interconnections between psychological distress, obesity, and insomnia among hypertensive patients in Bangladesh, aiming to identify risk factors and inform interventions for holistic health management. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2024, involving 739 hypertensive patients (400 males and 339 females) aged 18 and above. Data collection utilized a Personal Information Form, the Bengali Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), and the Bangla Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and regression analyses to examine associations. RESULTS: The majority of participants (65.1%) experienced moderate psychological distress, with severe insomnia reported by 8.5%. Significant associations were found between psychological distress and socioeconomic status, education, and urban-rural residency (p < 0.05). Obesity and insomnia were strong predictors of distress, creating a bidirectional relationship. CONCLUSION: Psychological distress significantly influences obesity and insomnia in hypertensive patients, highlighting the need for integrated mental health and lifestyle interventions. Addressing socio-economic and demographic disparities is critical for effective hypertension management in Bangladesh.