Psychological Interventions to Enhance Well-Being in Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials

BACKGROUND: Individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) often exhibit diminished emotional well-being. Although considerable research has concentrated on mitigating negative emotions like depression and anxiety, there has been comparatively less emphasis on fostering positive psychological states, such as happiness, life satisfaction, and positive emotions. The components of subjective well-being are linked to enhanced cardiovascular outcomes and serve as promising, modifiable targets for intervention. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review sought to assess the effectiveness of psychological interventions in enhancing subjective well-being, particularly happiness, life satisfaction, and positive emotions, in adults diagnosed with CVD. METHODS: A thorough search of 4 databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) was performed through January 2025. Randomized controlled trials were included if they assessed a psychological intervention in adults with CVD and measured at least 1 subjective well-being outcome utilizing a validated scale. Eight eligible studies were identified and synthesized through a narrative approach, owing to the heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes. RESULTS: Interventions differed among studies, encompassing positive psychology programs, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and multitheoretical approaches. Significant enhancements in happiness and life satisfaction were predominantly noted in research employing multicomponent positive psychology interventions. Positive emotions exhibited minimal variation throughout the trials. In summary, the limited sample sizes and brief follow-up durations constrained the robustness of the conclusions drawn. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological interventions may enhance happiness and life satisfaction in adults with CVD, though findings for positive emotions remain inconclusive. Further large-scale, theory-driven trials are needed to confirm long-term effects and inform practice.