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A quantum-mechanical form of the Cramér-Rao inequality is derived, setting a lower bound to the variance of an unbiased estimate of a parameter of a density operator. It is applied to the estimates of parameters such as amplitude, arrival time, and carrier frequency of a coherent signal as picked up by an ideal receiver in the presence of thermal noise. The estimation of parameters of a noise-like signal is also treated.
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Carl W. Helstrom (1968) studied this question.
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