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Abstract Biochar is a porous and stable carbonaceous material, obtained through the carbonization of biomass, which can be used to enhance the effectiveness and sensitivity of sensors in detecting emerging pollutants in the environment. This review explores the use of biochar in electrochemical sensors to monitor emerging pollutants in aquatic environments and food. It comprehensively examines thermochemical techniques such as hydrothermal carbonization, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, highlighting the influence of temperature and heating rate on the properties of biochar. These characteristics, including porosity and chemical composition, are crucial to the effectiveness of the sensors in detecting organic compounds. Biochar is particularly suited for electrochemical sensor electrodes due to its extensive porosity and surface area, which enhance the sensors sensitivity and precision in detecting novel pollutants. Several studies are presented, demonstrating the applicability of biochar in different matrices, including water and food. Electrochemical sensors with carbon paste and glassy carbon electrodes based on biochar offer benefits in sensitivity, stability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the review also discusses future directions for improving biochar-based sensors, including portability and integration with the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, aiming at more efficient and sustainable applications in environmental monitoring and food safety practices.
Bernardino et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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