Reduced heart rate variability is related to the number of metabolic syndrome components and manifest diabetes in the sixth Tromsø study 2007–2008

Figures

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  Figure 1. Mean SDNN (ms) as a function of age for men and women from the period before the cold pressure test.

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  Figure 2. Mean and 95% confidence intervals of SDNN from the pre-CPT period for participants having different numbers of metabolic syndrome components or diabetes. Green area represents healthy subjects and yellow area represents subjects with metabolic syndrome according to current definitions. *p < 0.05 from contrast analysis and Tukey’s tests. Only Tukey tests from adjacent groups are shown in this plot, for a complete overview, see supplementary figure S3.

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  Figure 3. A Point density plot for the association between pre-CPT SDNN and HbA1c. A lighter color means that there is a higher density of observations in that area. The solid line is estimated with Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS), representing the smooth relationship between the variables (the shaded error band represents the 95% confidence interval of the LOESS). B. Mean and 95% confidence intervals of SDNN pre-CPT for participants grouped according to different HbA1c ranges. The ranges are selected in order to keep group sizes similar up to the defined level for diabetes at 48 mmol/mol and above. An HbA1c value between 39 and 48 mmol/mol is considered high.

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  Figure 4. Mean and 95% confidence intervals of SDNN from the pre-CPT period for participants having different numbers of metabolic syndrome components or diabetes, stratified on CVD status. Green area represents healthy subjects and yellow area represents subjects with metabolic syndrome according to current definitions. Only 636 participants had known CVD, resulting in wider confidence intervals compared to the group without CVD.

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  Figure 5. Flowchart describing the sample of HRV data for healthy controls, subjects with metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2 derived from the Tromsø 6 study. DMT1 diabetes mellitus type 1, DMT2 diabetes mellitus type 2, MetS metabolic syndrome.