The paper concentrates on changes in the balance of power between the market and planning reflecting the shift from Fordism to neoliberalism. The empirical substance originates from the Toronto metropolitan region, Canada’s largest and most economically globalised urban area. An investigation of sub-centres and the contrast between two waves of residential intensification tie limited planning capacity to shifting intensification outcomes. In one wave the affordability goal was attained but not accessibility and regional planning objectives, in the other wave these objectives were achieved but not affordability.
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Filion et al. (2020) studied this question.
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