I would like to thank Gail Hershatter, Chris Connery, Arif Dirlik, Ana Candela, Angelina Chin, Matthew Hale, Charles Hayford, Wenqing Kang, and Xiaoping Sun for their comments on drafts of this essay. Errors and infelicities are, of course, my own. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own.
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Alexander F. Day (2008) studied this question.