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This investigation attempts to establish what behaviors are both predictive and persistent throughout the developmental span. Repeated ratings of a wide variety of behaviors shown by normal children from age 5 to 16 were analyzed. The measures which at all times and for both sexes were most general (predictive) and persistent were found to group into three dimensions: withdrawal-expressiveness, reactivity-placidity, and passivity-dominance. Sex differences and over-time changes in the pattern of correlates of the three dimensions suggest that both their meaning and their expression may vary as a function of shifting developmental demands.
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Wanda C. Bronson (1966) studied this question.
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