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The mean-square slope (MSS) of the sea surface for upwind and crosswind is derived, based on Phillips' equilibrium spectrum and the model herein on gravity-capillary wave spectrum. The MSS integrated from the above two spectra over high-frequency dissipation length (1 mm) fits the optical observations very well. The radar backscatter cross section (RBCS), calculated from specular reflection theory using the Ku-band filtered MSS, is in keeping with the empirically based Ku-band models by Brown for the GEOS-3 13.9-GHz altimeter, and by Witter and Chelton for the Geosat 13.5-GHz altimeter. Also, the RBCS, calculated using the C-band filtered MSS, is in keeping with the ERS-1/-2 scatterometer empirically based algorithms CMOD3 and CMOD4.
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Liu et al. (2000) studied this question.
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