Sarcopenic obesity in the Asia-Pacific region: Epidemiology, risk factors, and management

Sarcopenic obesity (SO), characterized by the concurrent presence of sarcopenia and obesity, is an emerging public health challenge in the Asia-Pacific region. With rapid population aging and increasing obesity rates, the prevalence of SO is increasing, particularly among individuals over 60 years of age. This condition results from a complex interplay of muscle loss, fat accumulation, chronic inflammation, hormonal changes, and metabolic dysregulation, leading to heightened risks of frailty, disability, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Region-specific risk factors, including dietary transitions, reduced physical activity, and socioeconomic disparities, further contribute to its increasing prevalence. While pharmacological options are under investigation, lifestyle modifications remain the cornerstone of prevention and management. Regular resistance training, adequate protein intake, and balanced nutrition are essential for preserving muscle mass while promoting fat reduction. Community-based interventions, such as structured exercise programs, public health campaigns, and urban planning that encourage active aging, are crucial for sustainable long-term outcomes. The current inconsistency in diagnostic criteria has led to numerous challenges, highlighting the urgent need for consensus. In addition, targeted policies focusing on nutritional education, elderly friendly infrastructure, and access to preventive healthcare are essential to alleviating the burden of SO. A comprehensive approach that integrates lifestyle interventions, clinical advancements, and supportive policies is crucial for effectively addressing the growing impact of SO in the Asia-Pacific region and improving health outcomes for the aging population.