Origin of the fluorine- and beryllium-rich rhyolites of the Spor Mountain Formation, Western Utah

The Miocene rhyolites of the Spor Mountain Formation host Earth's largest beryllium deposit, which produced 85% of the world's beryllium in 2010. The fresh lava is extremely enriched in Be (up to 75 ppm in matrix glass). We have examined the rhyolite to better understand the Be enrichment. The Spor Mountain rhyolite contains ~40% quartz, ~40% sanidine, ~10% biotite, and ~10% plagioclase, along with accessory fluorite, columbite, euxenite, fergusonite, monazite, thorite, and zircon. Two types of rhyolite are present within the Spor Mountain Formation, a less-evolved magma (1150 ppm Rb, 42 ppm Be, 0.7 wt% F in glass) and a more-evolved magma (1710 ppm Rb, 75 ppm Be, 1.6 wt% F in glass).