History of Pan-Turkism and its Contemporary Supporters. Part 2. The New Phase of Pan-Turkic Hopes

The pan-Turkic idea lives on in minds, both in Turkey and in the rest of the Turkic-speaking world. It grows stronger at times when Russia is in difficult situation and centrifugal tendencies start to undermine its foundations. The collapse of the Soviet Union gave rise to hopes for a "Great Turan" and to a new "Turkic project" under the auspices of Ankara. Turkey has directed its efforts to creating, under its leadership, a community of Turkic-speaking countries and regions, including a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Geopolitical aspirations of Russia's circumstantial “friend”, the Republic of Turkey, along with interests of some foreign intelligence services, can be identified behind the course of the events of January 2022 in Kazakhstan. Old pan-ideologies get a modern prolongation in the Eurasian political space.