Early Prediction of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Acute Stroke Using the BANQMR Score

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The BANQMR score for assigning risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic stroke. Points are assigned based on the results at admission. The total score determines the risk grade: low (0–2 points), moderate (3–5 points), and high (6–10 points). APCs, atrial premature contractions; BANQMR, BNP, APCs, NIHSS score, QTc, MACIs on MRI; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; MACIs, multiple acute cerebral infarcts; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; QTc, corrected QT interval.

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  Fig. 2. Detection rates of PAF by BANQMR risk grade. The vertical axis shows the percentage of patients in whom PAF was detected, and the horizontal axis represents the risk grades (low, moderate, high) according to the BANQMR score. The numbers above each bar indicate the corresponding detection rates. In the derivation cohort, PAF was detected in 1.4%, 15.0%, and 61.6% of patients classified as low-, moderate-, and high-risk, respectively; in the validation cohort, the detection rates were 4.6%, 15.0%, and 53.4%, respectively. APCs, atrial premature contractions; BANQMR, BNP, APCs, NIHSS score, QTc, MACIs on MRI; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; MACIs, multiple acute cerebral infarcts; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; QTc, corrected QT interval.

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  Fig. 3. Cumulative incidence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation over time for each BANQMR risk grade in the validation cohort. Vertical bars along the plotted lines indicate censored data. APCs, atrial premature contractions; BANQMR, BNP, APCs, NIHSS score, QTc, MACIs on MRI; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; MACIs, multiple acute cerebral infarcts; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; QTc, corrected QT interval.

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  Fig. 4. Receiver operating characteristic curves for each clinical score in the validation cohort. AF-ESUS, Prediction of Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source; APCs, atrial premature contractions; AS5F, Age, Stroke Severity NIHSS >5 to Find Atrial Fibrillation; BANQMR, BNP, APCs, NIHSS score, QTc, MACIs on MRI; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; iPAB, identified by past history of arrhythmia or antiarrhythmic agent use, atrial dilation, and brain natriuretic peptide elevation; MACIs, multiple acute cerebral infarcts; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; QTc, corrected QT interval; STAF, Score for the Targeting of Atrial Fibrillation.