Current state-of-the-art techniques in realistic heart models, including hiPSC-CM maturation, heart-on-a-chip platforms, and in silico models, are reviewed for disease modelling and toxicity evaluations.
This review highlights the current state and challenges of realistic heart models, particularly the maturation of hiPSC-CMs, for cardiovascular disease modeling and cardiotoxicity testing.
One of the many unresolved obstacles in the field of cardiovascular research is an uncompromising in vitro cardiac model. While primary cell sources from animal models offer both advantages and disadvantages, efforts over the past half-century have aimed to reduce their use. Additionally, obtaining a sufficient quantity of human primary cardiomyocytes faces ethical and legal challenges. As the practically unlimited source of human cardiomyocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) is now mostly resolved, there are great efforts to improve their quality and applicability by overcoming their intrinsic limitations. The greatest bottleneck in the field is the in vitro ageing of hiPSC-CMs to reach a maturity status that closely resembles that of the adult heart, thereby allowing for more appropriate drug developmental procedures as there is a clear correlation between ageing and developing cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art techniques in the most realistic heart models used in disease modelling and toxicity evaluations from hiPSC-CM maturation through heart-on-a-chip platforms and in silico models to the in vitro models of certain cardiovascular diseases.
Kistamás et al. (Sat,) conducted a review in Cardiovascular diseases and cardiotoxicity. In vitro cardiac models (hiPSC-CMs, heart-on-a-chip, in silico models) was evaluated. Current state-of-the-art techniques in realistic heart models, including hiPSC-CM maturation, heart-on-a-chip platforms, and in silico models, are reviewed for disease modelling and toxicity evaluations.