Assessing factor structure and measurement invariance of WISC-IV among almajiris attending quranic schools and pupils attending mainstream public primary schools in Northern Nigeria

as a group showed poorer performance than public school children (PSCs) not attributable to the bias of the subtests (external bias). Our study highlights within-country sub-population differences in the functioning of western tools in cross-cultural contexts, while offering cautious support for measurement invariance in certain domains of the WISC-IV (VCI, PRI and PSI) in this non-Western population.