Various media serve similar needs. Television and radio group together as do newspapers and magazines. Four other media—books, films, recorded music, and friends—also serve parallel needs. Needs clustered into two identifiable groups, one related to the desire to maintain societal contact, and the other to satisfy personal needs. The authors conclude that availability, cost, and involvement may be the underlying dimensions of media gratification.
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Elliott et al. (1979) studied this question.
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