Current Status and Challenges in the Control of Foot-And-Mouth Disease in Vietnam: Epidemiological, Vaccination, and Molecular Perspectives (2021–2024)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) continues to pose a substantial threat to livestock production in Vietnam, primarily due to the dominance of smallholder farming systems and inadequate biosecurity practices. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current status, epidemiological trends, and control measures for FMD in Vietnam, with particular emphasis on recent outbreaks, molecular identification of viral serotypes, and regional comparisons. Drawing on official data from national surveillance programs, peer-reviewed molecular studies, and international reports spanning 2007 to 2024, the research identifies serotype O (Southeast Asia topotype, Mya-98 lineage) as the most commonly detected strain in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a high degree of genetic similarity between Vietnamese isolates and strains circulating in neighboring countries such as China, South Korea, and Laos. Despite advancements in domestic vaccine development and production, Vietnam continues to face major challenges, including inconsistent disease surveillance, limited sample collection from historical hotspots, and inadequate implementation of nationwide vaccination strategies. Genetic divergence among circulating strains further underscores the need for continuous molecular monitoring and periodic vaccine updates. Compared to regional counterparts, Vietnam lags in terms of outbreak response capacity, laboratory infrastructure, and inter-agency coordination. To improve FMD control and progress toward eradication, it is essential to enhance local surveillance systems, strengthen regional collaboration, and adopt a more dynamic and data-driven vaccination policy.