Differences in Training Engagement According to the Latent Profile of 2×2 Goal Orientation of Badminton Players

Purpose: Based on the multi-goal perspective of achievement goal theory, this study aims to identify the latent profiles of badminton players according to the 2×2 achievement goal framework and to examine differences in training engagement across the identified profiles. Method: Data on achievement goal orientation and training engagement scales were collected from 342 male and female athletes competing at the high school and collegiate levels. The data were analyzed using latent profile analysis (LPA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: First, the athletes were classified into four distinct latent profiles: “average type” (45.3%), “harmonious growth type” (23.9%), “success-seeking type” (23.5%), and “indifferent type” (7.3%). Second, differences in training engagement levels were observed depending on the type of achievement goal orientation profile. Specifically, athletes in the “Harmonious Growth” group exhibited the highest levels of training engagement. Conclusion: These results confirm that badminton players pursue multiple achievement goals and suggest the need for psychological interventions tailored to the characteristic training engagement patterns of each achievement goal orientation profile. Finally, the limitations of this study and directions for future research are discussed.