Raptors of Tal Chhapar Sanctuary: Diversity, Ecology and Conservation Challenges in the Thar Desert Ecosystem

Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is one of the most significant grassland ecosystems of north-western India and an internationally recognized habitat for raptors. Located on the fringe of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, the sanctuary supports a rich assemblage of resident and migratory birds of prey due to its open grassland habitat, abundant prey base, and semi-arid climatic conditions. The present paper reviews the diversity, ecological importance, migratory behavior, habitat utilization, and conservation concerns of raptors inhabiting Tal Chhapar Sanctuary. More than 35 species of raptors have been reported from the sanctuary, including harriers, falcons, eagles, vultures and buzzards. Species such as the Eastern Imperial Eagle, Tawny Eagle, Laggar Falcon, Montagu’s Harrier, Pallid Harrier and Short-toed Snake Eagle are frequently observed during winter migration. The abundance of spiny-tailed lizards (Saara hardwickii) provides a stable prey base supporting high raptor densities. The sanctuary functions as an important wintering and stopover site for migratory raptors arriving from Central Asia and Europe. However, habitat degradation, invasive vegetation, mining activities around the eco-sensitive zone, grazing pressure, and climate change threaten this fragile ecosystem. Effective habitat management, prey conservation, scientific monitoring, and community participation are essential for long-term raptor conservation in Tal Chhapar Sanctuary.