The gut–bone axis: microbial metabolism and nutritional interventions for bone health

), prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides), synbiotics, and specific dietary patterns (e.g. Mediterranean and vegetarian diets) have emerged as promising strategies to mitigate bone loss associated with aging. This review investigates the communication between the gut and bone, summarizing the underlying mechanisms and providing an updated review on microbial metabolites. Additionally, it examines recent research on probiotics and their metabolic contributions, highlighting potential gaps in the current understanding of this field.