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The commentary examines how large language models reflect cultural tendencies through language of interaction.

May 24, 2026Open Access

Machine Culture Beyond Language

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Commentary explores how language shapes cultural tendencies in large language models, suggesting a need for broader examination.

The commentary examines how large language models reflect cultural tendencies through language of interaction.
Analyzed cultural-psychology tasks given to GPT and ERNIE in different languages.
Compared responses in Chinese to those in English across various tasks and a pictorial measure.
LLMs displayed more interdependent and holistic responses when prompted in Chinese vs. English.
Findings indicate cultural outputs are shaped by training data and design rather than a fixed cultural identity.
Calls for a research agenda that addresses emergent machine culture rather than solely focusing on human culture reproduction.

Yueqing Hu (2026) studied this question.

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