Improving the performance of practical wavelength division multiplexing decoy-state quantum key distribution with advantage distillation

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising method for sharing an information-theoretically secure secret key using the properties of quantum mechanics. Although QKD is the most practical field in quantum information science, its widespread adoption is constrained by high implementation costs. Despite the cost-effectiveness of propagating QKD with classical communication using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the noise generated by relatively strong classical signals degrades QKD performance. Even though several mitigation strategies exist, they often involve complexity or additional hardware. In this paper, we apply advantage distillation (AD) to enhance the performance of a practical decoy-state BB84 QKD system operating in a WDM environment. We perform finite-key analysis in both co-propagation and counter-propagation scenarios with three classical channels, and furthermore we examine the effects of varying the number of classical channels and the optical power per channel. A comparison of simulation results obtained with and without AD demonstrates that AD is robust to noise originating from classical channels. These results show that AD increases the secure key rate and transmission distance in the WDM-based QKD environment under both co-propagation and counter-propagation without requiring hardware changes. These findings suggest advantage distillation is a promising strategy for the widespread adoption of WDM-based QKD, including in challenging counter-propagation cases.