Monthly mean pressure reconstructions for Europe for the 1780–1995 period

Monthly grid-point pressure data are reconstructed from station records of pressure for Europe since 1780. The region encompasses 35–70oN to 30oW–40oE. The reconstructions are based on a principal components regression technique, which relates surface pressure patterns to those of the station pressure data. The relationships are derived over a calibration period (1936–1995) and the results tested with independent data (the verification period, 1881–1935). The reconstructions are of excellent quality, although this is slightly lower for regions with poor station coverage in the early years, particularly during the summer months. The reconstructions are compared with other monthly mean pressure maps produced by Lamb and Johnson (1966) for the years 1780–1872 and by Kington (1980, 1988) for 1781–1785. Both of these map series show systematic biases relative to the present reconstructions.