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Abstract These three studies are among the first to systematically compare five C hinese religious groups on intrinsic (spiritual) and extrinsic (instrumental and paranormal) orientation. In S tudy 1, a C hinese version of the I ndex of C ore S piritual E xperiences was developed. In S tudies 2 and 3, spirituality and religious involvement was found to be greatest among C hristians, followed in order by B uddhists, Taoists, traditional nones, and other nones. An instrumental purpose for religious activities and paranormal belief was found to be highest among T aoists, followed in order by B uddhists, traditional nones, other nones, and C hristians. The results are consistent with the conclusion that C hristianity offers the least support for an extrinsic religious orientation and the most support for an intrinsic religious orientation.
Shiah et al. (Fri,) studied this question.