Renin angiotensin system blockage by losartan neutralize hypercholesterolemia-induced inflammatory and oxidative injuries

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Effect of LT on hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in serum inflammatory biomarkers including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels along with serum PGE-2, caspase 3, and NO levels. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student Newman–Keuls as post hoc test. (a) Control vs. HCD group; (b) HCD vs. LT(10) or LT(20). P values consider significant when *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Abbreviations: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); interleukin-6 (IL-6); interleukin-1beta (IL-1β); prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2); nitric oxide (NO).

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  Figure 2.. Effect of LT on hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in TBARS and GSH levels in cardiac, hepatic, and renal cells. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student Newman–Keuls as post hoc test. (a) Control vs. HCD group; (b) HCD vs. LT(10) or LT(20). P values consider significant when *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Abbreviations: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); glutathione (GSH).

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  Figure 3.. Effect of LT on hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST in cardiac, hepatic, and renal cells. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student Newman–Keuls as post hoc test. a Control vs. HCD group; (b) HCD vs. LT(10) or LT(20). P values consider significant when *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Abbreviations: superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GPx); glutathione-S-transferase (GST).

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  Figure 4.. Sections of heart tissues (A–D) showing (A) the control group with normal appearance of myocardial cells, (B) severe damage with hemorrhage between muscle fibers (arrow) in HCD group, (C) less injury and normal myocardial cell morphology with oval-elongate nucleus centrally and homogeneous cytoplasm in LT(10) group, (D) almost normal cardiomyocytes looking in LT(20) group. Sections of hepatic tissues (A–D) showing (A) normal architecture of hepatocytes and central vein in control group, (B) steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in HCD group, (C) incomplete regenerating hepatocytes around the central vein in LT(10) group, (D) complete recovery in hepatocytes with binuclear cells in LT(20) group. Sections of renal cortex (A–D) showing (A) normal appearance of the proximal convoluted tubules [PT], distal convoluted tubules [DT], Bowman's capsule and glomerulus [G] in control group, (B) dilatation in glomerular capillaries (head arrow), increase in glomerular tuft size and expansion in Bowman's space in HCD group, (C) partial improvement in glomeruli and renal tubules in LT(10) group, (D) complete retrieval of glomeruli and renal tubules in LT(20) group. Scale bar = 50 µm.