Human beings are complex systems composed entirely of matter. (Material Composition, or Anti-Dualism)3 2. Mental properties are not logically implied by any physical properties. (Anti-Reductivism) 3. Human beings do have mental properties. (Anti-Eliminativism) 4. There are no emergent properties. That is to say, all properties of a complex system that are not relations between it and something else derive from the properties of its constituents and their mode of combination. (Anti-Emergence)
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James Van Cleve (1990) studied this question.
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