Key result
Baseline depressive symptoms linked to ~27% greater risk of incident stroke.
Why the study?
The study was designed to evaluate depressive symptoms as a risk factor for incident stroke and assess whether this risk differed between Black and White individuals.
Do baseline depressive symptoms increase the risk of incident stroke similarly among Black and White participants aged 45 and older?
Cohort (n=24,045)
Yes
Do baseline depressive symptoms increase the risk of incident stroke similarly among Black and White participants aged 45 and older?
Depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of incident stroke similarly in both Black and White adults, highlighting the potential value of depression screening in primary stroke prevention.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May support depression screening in stroke prevention across races; extends prior associations to a biracial cohort but remains hypothesis-generating.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine depressive symptoms as a risk factor for incident stroke and determine whether depressive symptomatology was differentially predictive of stroke among Black and White participants. METHODS: The study comprised 9,529 Black and 14,516 White stroke-free participants, aged 45 and older, enrolled in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (2003-2007). Incident stroke was the first occurrence of stroke. Association between baseline depressive symptoms (assessed via the 4-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D-4]: 0, 1-3, or ≥4) and incident stroke was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, stroke risk factors, and social factors. CONCLUSIONS: The association of depressive symptoms with increased stroke risk was similar among a national sample of Black and White participants. These findings suggest that assessment of depressive symptoms should be considered in primary stroke prevention for both Black and White participants.
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Ford et al. (2020) conducted a cohort in Incident stroke (n=24,045). Depressive symptoms (CES-D-4 score 1-3 or ≥4) vs. No depressive symptoms (CES-D-4 score 0) was evaluated on Incident stroke (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.43). Baseline depressive symptoms were associated with a significantly increased risk of incident stroke, with fully adjusted hazard ratios of 1.27 for 1-3 symptoms and 1.25 for ≥4 symptoms.
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