New concept in ecological governance of rivers and lakes in China: opportunities and challenges

Introduction With limited water resources, river and lake governance in China is fundamental to drinking water security, food production, and ecological sustainability. Historically, water management benefited from large-scale hydraulic projects such as the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. However, rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 21st century have intensified water scarcity, pollution, and ecosystem degradation, necessitating a systematic reassessment of governance approaches. Methods This study systematically reviews the historical evolution, policy frameworks, and technological developments of river and lake governance in China. Multi-source statistical data and policy documents were synthesized to evaluate governance mechanisms, management outcomes, and emerging challenges. Results The results reveal a fundamental transition from an engineering-oriented management model toward an integrated basin-scale governance paradigm. Institutional innovations have improved water-use efficiency, water quality, and ecosystem functions. In particular, the framework of “ecological priority and systematic governance” has become a central strategy guiding river–lake management, emphasizing ecosystem protection, cross-sectoral coordination, and institutional integration. Discussion Despite notable progress, regional water scarcity, emerging pollutant risks, and structural governance constraints continue to threaten long-term river–lake health. Strengthening basin-based legal frameworks, enhancing institutional coordination, and improving governance resilience are therefore essential for sustainable water management. This study provides theoretical insights for improving China’s river and lake governance system and offers practical experience that may contribute to global water environment governance.