Bight AIE-labeled fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay for ultra-sensitive detection of Bungarus multicinctus venom

Bungarus snake envenomation is an acute and potentially fatal condition often mistaken for bites from non-venomous snakes. As a result, it is crucial to diagnose this condition rapidly and accurately. This study presents the development of a rapid test strip for detecting Bungarus venom , utilizing AIENPs conjugated with the venom as a probe. The methodologies employed encompass antibody preparation, purification, specificity testing, and the optimization of conditions. The blocking agent should be 2 mg, the conjugation time 3 minutes, and the minimum amount of AIENPs 1 mg. The results demonstrate that the polyclonal antibody is particular, with the test strip capable of detecting as low as 100 ng/mL of Bungarus venom and distinguishing it from other common Chinese snake venoms. The simulation testing of real samples demonstrated a 98% positive rate and a 0% false-positive rate. Although clinical samples were not tested, the strip is sensitive, accurate, and simple, offering significant potential for diagnosing Bungarus snake bites and providing new insights for the development of other test strips. Plain Language summary: In many remote areas of the world, the lack of effective diagnostic measures for vulnerable populations affected by snakebite poisoning, as well as poor medical facilities in these areas, seriously affect the timely treatment of snakebite patients. For different types of snakebites, the appropriate antivenom is required to achieve the best treatment effect. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is essential to select the appropriate antivenom and ensure the effectiveness of treatment. The B. multicinctus is an extremely deadly venomous snake that poses a great medical challenge. In response to this situation, this study developed a single antibody test strip for the rapid detection of B. multicinctus venom based on AIE technology, using AIENPs conjugated with krait venom as a labeled probe, which can quickly, accurately, and sensitively distinguish B. multicinctus venom from other snake venoms. This test is not only simple and cost-effective, but also suitable for promotion in remote areas, and will effectively reduce the mortality rate of patients bitten by B. multicinctus .