Linking Neurocardiovascular Responses in the Active Stand Test to Adverse Outcomes: Insights from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

Figures

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  Figure 1. Unprocessed (raw) data of neurovascular signals, including TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, with corresponding mean ± SD plots shown on the right.

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  Figure 2. Unprocessed (raw) data of cardiovascular signals, including HR, sBP, and dBP, with corresponding mean ± SD plots shown on the right.

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  Figure 3. Pre-processed data of neurovascular signals, including TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, with corresponding mean ± SD plots shown on the right. Baseline values had been deducted from each signal for each participant, resulting in the relative changes shown in the plots.

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  Figure 4. Pre-processed data of cardiovascular signals, including HR, sBP, and dBP, with corresponding mean ± SD plots shown on the right. Baseline values had been deducted from each signal for each participant, resulting in the relative changes shown in the plots.

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  Figure 5. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across six pre-processed signals (baseline values subtracted from each original raw signal) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The subsequently deceased group is shown in red and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 6. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across six pre-processed signals (baseline values subtracted from each original raw signal) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The group who experienced future falls is shown in blue and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 7. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across six pre-processed signals (baseline values subtracted from each original raw signal) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The group who experienced OI during the AS is shown in green, and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 8. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across all six unprocessed signals (as recorded, without baseline adjustment) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The subsequently deceased group is shown in red and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 9. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across all six unprocessed signals (as recorded, without baseline adjustment) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The group who experienced future falls is shown in blue and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 10. Visualization of neurocardiovascular responses across all six unprocessed signals (as recorded, without baseline adjustment) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) are HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, the mean response is represented by a solid line, with the 95% confidence interval shown as a shaded area. The group who experienced OI during the AS is shown in green, and the rest of the cohort in black. Standing occurs at 0 s in each plot.

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  Figure 11. SPM analysis of all six pre-processed signals (baseline values subtracted from each original raw signal) during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) include HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, comparisons were made across the three outcome groups—deceased, falls, and OI—within the 60 s section of the AS test. Shaded regions above the dotted red lines indicate locations where statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed between each outcome group and the rest of the cohort. Regions with statistically significant differences at p < 0.001 were considered potentially clinically significant (see text).

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  Figure 12. SPM analysis of all six unprocessed (raw) signals during the AS test. Cerebrovascular signals (top row) are TSI, O2Hb, and HHb, while cardiovascular signals (bottom row) include HR, sBP, and dBP. For each signal, comparisons were made across the three outcome groups—deceased, falls, and OI—within the 60 s section of the AS test. Shaded regions above the dotted red lines indicate locations where statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed between each outcome group and the rest of the cohort. Regions with statistically significant differences at p < 0.001 were considered potentially clinically significant (see text).