Translating the theory of intersectionality into quantitative and mixed methods for empirical gender transformative research on health

Intersectionality theory has been used primarily in legal research to provide a framework for understanding the experiences of populations situated within multiple systems of oppression, particularly in relation to anti-discrimination law and gender-based violence. Gender transformative approaches to health seek to move beyond individual-level change and instead centre on restructuring the power relationships that create and maintain gender inequalities. Intersectionality theory is well-suited for the study of gender transformation on health, but there is a lack of consensus on clearly defined intersectional methodology in the field of public health, particularly for quantitative studies. Because qualitative methodologies are well-developed and employed with regularity for intersectional health research, the objective of this paper is to describe innovative quantitative and mixed methods approaches underutilised in public health and provide researchers examples of how to design a study's methodology to adequately address intersectional research questions. The proposed methods provide a toolkit for the investigation of complex interactions across multiple levels, which may offer insight into effective points of intervention to reduce disparities, strengthen larger social movements, and ultimately alter structural and policy contexts. Despite challenges posed by the theory, intersectional approaches may be the key to addressing persistent inequalities that limit gender transformation.