Construction of cardiac fibrosis for biomedical research

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Schematic of biomedical materials fabrication methods and the related cardiac fibrosis construction.

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  FIGURE 2. (A) Fabrication of hydrogel microcapsules encapsulated primary human pancreatic cancer cells with a microfluidic electrospray technique. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 46 Copyright 2023, The Authors, published by John Wiley and Sons. (B) Fabrication and cell cultivation of helical microfibers in the microfluidic channel. Reproduced with permission. 47 Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (C) Generation of microfibers and the derived biomimetic vessels and scaffolds. Reproduced with permission. 48 Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (D) Scheme and optical properties of spinning the composite heterogeneous hydrogel microfiber. Reproduced with permission. 51 Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

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  FIGURE 3. (A) Fabricating procedure and characterization of endothelialized myocardium using the 3D bioprinting strategy. Reproduced with permission. 58 Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (B) Fabricating procedure and characterization of a μCOP‐printing heart tissue. Reproduced with permission. 61 Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (C) Microgrooves guided cardiomyocytes assembled into anisotropic constructions and provided a noninvasive electrical readout of mechanical stress. Reproduced with permission. 62 Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.

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  FIGURE 4. (A) Biowire II platform made up of an array of microwells printed on polystyrene plates. Reproduced with permission. 67 Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (B) Double‐sided micro‐molded gelatin thin film containing cardiomyocytes. Reproduced with permission. 68 Copyright 2022, The Authors, published by American Association for the Advancement of Science. (C) Fabricating procedure and optical properties of microgroove‐patterned structural color hydrogel films. Reproduced with permission. 71 Copyright 2018, The Authors, published by American Association for the Advancement of Science. (D) Nanoimprinting process and characterization of a structural color film. Reproduced with permission. 72 Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

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  FIGURE 5. (A) Fabrication and characterization of ECM scaffolds. (B) The versatility of ECM scaffolds in guided regeneration. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 31 Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Springer Nature.

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  FIGURE 6. (A) Fabrication of an anisotropic electroconductive hydrogel. (B) Microtopography of the structural color hydrogel. (C) Confocal image of cardiomyocytes on the hydrogel with SACNTs. (D–G) Optical properties and electrical properties of the hydrogel. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 83 Copyright 2022, The Authors, published by John Wiley and Sons.

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  FIGURE 7. (A) Bioinspired cardiac tissue model with the TPIP technique. Reproduced with permission. 87 Copyright 2014, Elsevier. (B) Multifunctional scaffolds obtained by combining microfluidic and template molding techniques and their characterization. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 88 Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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  FIGURE 8. (A) Dynamic biaxial culture system providing cyclic stretching of fibroblast‐loaded gels. Reproduced with permission. 99 Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (B, C) Cardiac fibrosis on a chip employing adjustable cyclic compression on the hydrogel containing cardiac fibroblasts. Reproduced with permission. 95 Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

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  FIGURE 9. (A) Generalization of phenotype associated with TGF‐β1‐induced cardiac fibrosis tissue. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 15 Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. (B) The fibrosis features and drug screening function of the hCF‐on‐a‐chip. Reproduced with permission. 105 Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

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  FIGURE 10. (A) Construction and evaluation of the fibrotic myocardium tissue. Reproduced with permission. 110 Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (B) 3D bioprinting cardiac microtissues for disease modeling and evaluation of miRNA therapy. Reproduced under terms of the CC‐BY license. 111 Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Springer Nature.

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  FIGURE 11. (A) Maintaining a quiescent cardiac fibroblast phenotype by controlling substrate stiffness. Reproduced with permission. 116 Copyright 2017, The Authors, published by the American Society for Cell Biology. (B) Construction of hypoxic‐induced myocardial infarction in vitro and characterization of pathological fibrosis response. Reproduced with permission. 14 Copyright 2020, The Authors, published by Springer Nature.