Concomitant changes in regional myocardial deformation and intraventricular pressure gradients in normal and sedated goats: advanced multimodal echocardiographic study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the procedures used in this study. After completing conventional Doppler echocardiography, goats underwent 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) from the right parasternal short axis view at the mid-and apical level of the left ventricle. Circumferential and radial strains and strain rates were analyzed using DAS-RS1. From the left apical four-chamber view, after optimizing the mitral inflow streamline, colour M-mode echocardiography was performed for analysis of the intraventricular pressure gradients. CMME images were captured and used for IVPG analysis using MATLAB housework

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  Fig. 2. Comparison between IVPG parameters in goats before (Left column) and after (right column) sedation with xylazine. Asterisks refers to the significance level (p<0.05). Colored bars refer to the total, basal, mid-to-apical, mid, and apical IVPG, respectively

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  Fig. 3. Representative 2D-STE figures for radial and circumferential strains and strain rates in normal goats. Left panels show radial strain, circumferential strain, and strain rate at mid-ventricle. The right panels illustrate representative captures of radial strain, circumferential strain, and strain rates at the apical ventricle. The entire left ventricle in the short axis was outlined, which was further divided into six segments. The behavior of segmental contractility is marked by colored curves across the cardiac cycle. The white curve represents the global strains and strain rates. Segmental and averaged strains and strain rates were recorded. Radial strains showed positive curves while circumferential strains showed negative curves. Figures show that goats can express good and repeatable contractility curves at mid and apical levels. In both mid and apical 2D-STE panels, A is the radial strain, B is the circumferential strain, and C is the strain rate. A-S, anterioseptal; Ant, anterior; A-L, anteriolateral; I-L, inferiolateral; Inf, inferior; I-S, inferioseptal

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  Fig. 4. Representative 2D-STE figures for radial and circumferential strains and strain rates in goats after sedation with xylazine. The figure showed disturbed behavior of segmental and global radial strains, circumferential strains, and strain rates at mid-ventricle (Left panel) and apical-ventricle (Right panel). In both mid and apical 2D-STE panels, A is the radial strain, 2 is the circumferential strain and the C is the strain rate

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  Fig. 5. Comparison between global radial and circumferential strains measured by 2D-STE from the right parasternal short axis view at the level of mid and apical left ventricle before and after sedation with xylazine. The asterisk fitted the significance level (p<0.05). Radial strain (RS) and circumferential strain (CS) at the endocardium (End), epicardium (Epi) and mid-cardium (Mid)

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  Fig. 6. Comparison between global radial and circumferential strain rates measured by 2D-STE from the right parasternal short axis view at the level of mid and apical left ventricle before and after sedation with xylazine. The asterisk fitted the significance level (p<0.05). Radial strain rate (RSR) and circumferential strain rate (CSR) at the endocardium (End), epicardium (Epi) and mid-cardium (Mid)

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  Fig. 7. Comparison between global radial and circumferential synchrony time index (STI) measured by 2D-STE from the right parasternal short axis view at the level of mid and apical left ventricle before and after sedation with xylazine. The asterisk fitted the significance level (p<0.05)