tRNA-derived small RNAs in ocular neovascular diseases: A systematic review

Ocular neovascular diseases (ONDs) are a leading cause of global blindness. While current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments have revolutionized management, their efficacy is constrained by issues such as non-response, resistance development, and the burden of repeated intravitreal injections. Recent studies have highlighted the growing importance of transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) in regulating pathological angiogenesis. This review provides a systematic analysis of tsRNAs, encompassing their origins, classification, and mechanisms of action, followed by an exploration of their implications in OND. Targeting tsRNAs may offer a novel multi-level regulatory strategy to overcome the limitations of current anti-VEGF therapies.