The role of SMAD signaling in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: an immunohistopathological study in pediatric and adult patients

Figures

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  Figure 1. Morphological examinations of myocardial tissue from patients with HOCM. (a) Representative images of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of ventricular septal myocardial tissue from adult HOCM and pediatric HOCM patients, compared to their controls. Scale bars, 400 μm and 200 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (b) Representative images of Masson’s Trichrome staining of heart sections from adult HOCM and pediatric HOCM patients, compared to their controls. Scale bars, 400 μm and 200 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas).

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  Figure 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of SMAD2 expression in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from patients with HOCM. (a) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD2 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). b. Quantification of SMAD2 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001. c. Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD2 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). d. Quantification of SMAD2 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001.

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  Figure 3. Immunohistochemical analysis of SMAD3 expression in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from patients with HOCM. (a) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD3 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (b) Quantification of SMAD3 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001. c. Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD3 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (d) Quantification of SMAD3 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01.

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  Figure 4. Immunohistochemical analysis of SMAD7 expression in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from patients with HOCM. (a) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD7 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (b) Quantification of SMAD7 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05. (c) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of SMAD7 in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (d) Quantification of SMAD7 expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01.

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  Figure 5. Immunohistochemical analysis of type I collagen expression in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from patients with HOCM. (a) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of type I collagen in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (b) Quantification of type I collagen expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and adult HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01. (c) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of type I collagen in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Scale bars, 200 μm and 50 μm (enlarged views of boxed areas). (d) Quantification of type I collagen expression level in ventricular septal myocardial tissue from the control and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01.

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  Figure 6. Comparison of expression levels of SMAD2, 3, 7, and type I collagen in adult and pediatric HOCM patients. (a) Comparison of the expression level of SMAD2 in adult and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ns, non-significant, (p > 0.05). (b) Comparison of the expression level of SMAD3 in adult and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ns, non-significant, (p > 0.05). (c) Comparison of the expression level of SMAD7 in adult and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ns, non-significant, (p > 0.05). (d) Comparison of the expression level of type I collagen in adult and pediatric HOCM patients. Data are mean ± SEM, ns, non-significant, (p > 0.05).