A comprehensive review on hybrid lattice meta-structures for biomedical engineering applications

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Fabricating lattice structures with optimal physical, mechanical, and biological properties remains one of the key challenges in biomedical engineering. Meta-structures are geometry-driven systems that use structural architecture, often through periodic, hierarchical or graded designs, to achieve mechanical or functional properties not typically found in conventional bulk materials. Lattice meta-structures have emerged as a promising approach to meet the demanding requirements of biomedical devices, particularly due to their ability to mimic the structural and functional characteristics of host tissues. However, conventional meta-structures —composed of repeating single unit cells— often fall short in addressing all critical performance criteria. To overcome these limitations, hybrid meta-structures —combining two or more repeating architectures—have been developed, combining different structural architectures to enhance adaptability and functionality. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the design strategies and biomedical applications of hybrid meta-structures. Additionally, it offers insights into current challenges and outlines potential directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field.