Are the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Biased Against or in Favor of “Disadvantaged” Groups?

Efforts to identify gifted children among disadvantaged and ethnic minority groups have been seriously handicapped by the lack of tests and screening procedures that will give such children a fair chance to perform in a gifted manner. A variety of studies extending over many years have shown that disadvantaged children, especially blacks, usually perform quite poorly on most measures of intelligence, cognitive development, and