Assessment of Enterovirus Antibodies during Early Childhood Using a Multiplex Immunoassay

Figures

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  FIG 1. The average of VP1 and protease antibody signals for subjects from birth to 36 months of age (A) and the cumulative number of PCR confirmed enterovirus infections by species (B). See Fig. S1A for the data from panel A presented in a logarithmic scale for the easier comparison of low-level antibody responses.

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  FIG 2. Trends in antibody responses against different enterovirus antigens around the time of a PCR confirmed Enterovirus A species infection (number of subjects = 23). Data points are filtered to include only measurements performed after the age of 3 months so as to reduce the influence of maternal antibodies. A vertical line marks the time when Enterovirus A was detected by PCR. See Fig. S2 for a similar graph plotted for the Enterovirus D-infected group (n = 13), which was the second largest infection group in the study.

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  FIG 3. Antibody responses against enterovirus antigens for individual children from 6 months to 36 months of age. (A) The legend for reading the graph. (B–I) Individual subjects with a single, known, PCR-confirmed EV infection. A vertical line shows the time of the PCR-confirmed infection, and the thickest line represents the response to the VP1 that is most closely associated with the infecting enterovirus type. For subjects infected by those other than rhinoviruses, the RV-A89 and RV-C3 antigen responses are not shown. This is due to them overshadowing the other responses and making it hard to compare the weaker responses. For poliovirus 1, the cord blood sample is also shown in the graph with shading, as we only had one subject in our sample set that had PCR positivity to poliovirus 1 (PV1).

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  FIG 4. The Spearman correlations of antigen responses at different time points for Enterovirus A infected subjects. (A–G) The pairwise correlations vary across time, but some pairs (RV-C3 and RV-A89 as well as PV1 and E30) seem to correlate strongly, regardless of time points, indicating high cross-reactivity. (H) Cumulative number of PCR-confirmed Enterovirus A infections.