Key result
Non-invasive cycle testing reveals a ~43% sex difference in SV, plus CO and VO2max gaps.
Why the study?
A non-invasive measurement of arteriovenous difference might allow calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output, prompting evaluation using a standardized cycle test to quantify cardiovascular function and compare sex differences.
Can non-invasive maximal gas-exchange measurements during a cycle test estimate cardiovascular performance and identify sex differences in participants?
Cross-Sectional (n=45)
Can non-invasive maximal gas-exchange measurements during a cycle test estimate cardiovascular performance and identify sex differences in participants?
Non-invasive gas-exchange measurements during a cycle test can feasibly estimate cardiovascular performance and detect significant sex differences in stroke volume and cardiac output.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May support non-invasive sex-specific hemodynamic assessment during exercise; leaves open validation before clinical adoption.
Introduction A non-invasive measurement of arteriovenous difference (a-vO 2 D), equal to oxygen intake, might allow for the calculation of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO). Increasing SV and CO in athletes may improve work production and performance at a given heart rate. This study used gas measurements from a standardized cycle test to non-invasively quantify cardiovascular function and compare sex differences. Methods Forty-five participants (23 males, 22 females) performed a 3-min all-out (3MT) cycle test to determine metabolic gas measurements. During the initial visit, participants determined the maximum resistance sustainable for their cycle test. After establishing their cycling cadence for an initial 10 s, each participant pedaled for 3 min at a tempo equivalent to 50% of their maximal resistance. In minutes 3–6, participants cycled to their maximum resistance. Participants returned to their 50% maximum resistance for the final 3 min. Results The linear regression for maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ) and a-vO 2 D for males and females combined were statistically significant ( P < 0.001). The linear regression for a-vO 2 D and oxygen pulse (OP) for all participants ( P < 0.001) and males were significant ( P = 0.01), but not females ( P = 0.75). The linear regression for V̇O 2max and OP were statistically significant for all participants ( P < 0.001) and males ( P = 0.03), but not females ( P = 0.85). Statistically significant differences were observed between males and females in SV, CO, and V̇O 2max of 42.6%, 41.0%, and 7.9%, respectively ( P < 0.001). Conclusion A non-invasive evaluation of cardiovascular functioning is feasible and might provide quick and accessible information on variations in training response across sexes.
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Mallett et al. (2025) reported a cross-sectional. 3-min all-out cycle test with metabolic gas measurements vs. Males vs Females was evaluated on Differences between males and females in stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and VO2max (SV diff 42.6%, CO diff 41.0%, VO2max diff 7.9%, p=<0.001). Non-invasive gas-exchange measurements during a cycle test identified significant differences between males and females in stroke volume (42.6%), cardiac output (41.0%), and VO2max (7.9%) (P<0.001).
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